Glossary Telecom – D (Part 2)

1. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)? 

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is utilized on Internet Protocol (IP) networks for allotting IP addresses and other communication parameters to devices associated with the network utilizing a client–server design. DHCP can be carried out on networks ranging in size from residential networks to large campus networks and regional ISP networks. DHCP depends on a user-server model and is dependent on discovery, request, and ACK.

2. DNS (Dynamic Name Server)? 

Dynamic DNS is utilized in enormous networks that host internal services, and utilize internal DNS and DHCP servers. Dynamic DNS Services are utilized by small companies and people when they need to distribute assistance on the Internet, and that service is hosted within an internal or home network. Dynamic DNS (DDNS) is a strategy of updating a name server in the Domain Name System (DNS), frequently continuously, with the active DDNS arrangement of its designed hostnames, addresses and other data. 

3. What is DoA (direction of arrival)? 

Direction of arrival (DOA) means the direction from which generally a propagating wave arrives at a point, where normally a bunch of sensors are found. This arrangement of sensors structures what is known as sensor array.  DOA assessment is frequently complicated by the way that there will be numerous and obscure number of source signals impinging on the receiver array simultaneously, with obscure amplitudes.

4. What is DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface Specification)? 

Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications is an internationally recognized telecommunications norm that empowers high-transmission capacity information conveyed by means of existing coaxial cable frameworks that were initially utilized in the transmission of cable television program signals.  It is utilized by various cable TV administrators to give Internet access over their existing hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) framework. DOCSIS standard empowers an ever-faster Internet access while avoiding the Herculean task of replacing the whole physical network framework.

5. What is DoD (Department of Defense)? 

The United States Department of Defense is an presidential branch division of the federal government charged with coordinating and administering all organizations and attributes of the government straightforwardly identified with public safety and the United States Armed Forces. Settled at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, D.C. The DoD’s expressed mission is to offer “the military forces required to nation’s security”.

6. What is DoT (Department of Telecommunications)? 

The Department of Telecommunications is a division of the Ministry of Communications of the presidential branch of the Indian Government. The Department is likewise answerable for grant of licenses for different telecom administrations such as Unified Access Service Internet and VSAT administration. The Department of Telecom has been figuring formative approaches for the sped up development of the telecommunication frameworks.

7. What is DPCS (Destination Point Codes)? 

Destination Point Codes distinguish terminating destinations of calls. The point codes are numeric addresses which particularly recognize each signalling point Within a Signalling System No.7 network. The DPC recognizes the receiving signalling point.

8. What is DPD (digital predistortion)? 

Digital Pre-Distortion (DPD) is a strategy to expand linearity for non-linearity in power amplifiers. DPD executions can be grouped into memoryless models and models with memory. DPD is perhaps the most financially savvy linearization method. It includes a brilliant linearization capability, the capacity to safeguard overall efficiency, and it takes full advantage of advances in digital signal processors and A/D converters. 

9. What is DPDK (Data Plane Development Kit)? 

 The Dedicated Physical Data Channel is a sort of uplink dedicated physical channel. It is an I/Q code, multiplexed inside every radio frame. The uplink DPDCH is utilized to convey the Dedicated Channel transport channel. There can be more than one DPDCH exist over a radio link. The spreading factor varies between 256 to 4. Consequently the bits per radio frame fluctuate from 150 bits to 9600 bits individually.

10. What is DPDK (Data Plane Development Kit)? 

The Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) is an open source software project controlled by the Linux Foundation. Data Plane Development Kit comprises libraries to speed up packet processing workloads running on a wide assortment of CPU designs. DPDK gives a programming structure for x86, ARM, and PowerPC processors and empowers quicker improvement of high speed information packet networking applications.

11. What is DPE (direct position estimation)? 

 Initially, a receiver executing DPE registers the position straightforwardly from the inspected signal, as inverse to conventional receiver in which range estimates are required before solving for the user’s position. Therefore, conventional receivers are referred to as two-steps receivers and DPE as one-step in thesequel. DPE is a well-established situating strategy where time-delay and Doppler shifts to the noticeable satellites are assessed to solve for a geometrical issue to process the receiver’s position. construes position straightforwardly from the tested information without intermediate steps.  

12. What is DPI (Deep packet inspection)? 

DPI method boasts technologically advanced history, beginning during the 1990s. Deep packet inspection (DPI) is a kind of information preparation that examines exhaustively the information being sent over a PC organization, and may make moves like alerting, blocking, re-routing, or logging it accordingly. Deep Packet Inspection (and filtering) empowers advanced network management, user service, and safety functions as well as internet data mining, and internet censorship.

13. What is DPoS (Delegated Proof of Stake)? 

Delegated Proof Of Stake (DPoS) is an algorithm which is a progression of the essential concepts of Proof Of Stake. DPos framework is controlled by an election framework for picking nodes which confirm blocks. These nodes are called “block producers”. In the Proof of Stake consensus framework, every individual who stakes a token can participate in the “mintage” process which implies that they get an opportunity to choose layer two nodes which further validates blocking and be rewarded for adding blocks to blockchain.

14. What is DPS (dynamic point selection)? 

Dynamic Point selection (DPS) is a main Downlink (DL) Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) strategy that switches the serving information Transmission Point (TP) of a User Equipment (UE) dynamically between the UE’s collaborating set of TPs without need of a cell handover. It gives execution enhancement due to TP selection-diversity gains and dynamic UE load balancing advantage. 

15. What is DPSK (Differential Phase-Shift Keying)? 

Differential phase-shift keying is the one sort of phase modulation utilized to send information by changing the carrier wave’s phase. In Differential Phase Shift Keying the phase of the modulated signal is moved comparative with the previous signal component. No reference signal is considered. The signal phase follows the high or low state of the previous component. This DPSK method doesn’t require a reference oscillator.

16. What is DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)? 

Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is a modulation technique in which the carrier can expect one of four phases, each difference of phase, addressing 2 bits. Subsequently the data information can convey 2 bits at the same time. The Combinations of bits are 00, 01, 11 and 10. Utilizing this procedure the phase transition across the beginning is kept away from. QPSK communicates twice the information rate in a given bandwidth contrasted to BPSK at the similar BER. The design penalty that is paid is that QPSK transmitters and receivers are more muddled than the ones for BPSK. 

17. What is DRAM (Dynamic random access memory)? 

Dynamic random-access memory is a sort of arbitrary access semiconductor memory that saves every bit of information in a memory cell composed of a small capacitor and a transistor, both typically dependent on metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) method. DRAM ordinarily takes the form of an integrated circuit chip, which can comprise many DRAM memory cells. DRAM chips are generally utilized in advanced electronics where minimal expense and high-limit PC memory is needed. 

18. What is DRAN (distributed RAN)? 

Baseband Unit (BBU) manages digital processing while the Remote Radio Unit (RRU) deals with the analog side of things. The blend of both units at the cell site is known as Distributed-RAN (D-RAN) architecture. D-RAN introduced a few issues for telecoms particularly as far as dealing with the space and limit required at the base stations. In a D-RAN architecture, the whole base station is situated at the cell tower site. The RRUs are situated at the top of the tower next to the antennas and the BBUs are situated in an hardware room. The RRUs and BBUs are straightforwardly associated through Common Public Radio Interface. 

19. What is DRL (Deep reinforcement learning? 

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is the mixture of Reinforcement Learning and Deep Learning. It can address a wide scope of complex decision-making tasks that were already unattainable for a machine to tackle genuine issues with human-like knowledge. Deep RL includes deep learning into the solution, permitting agents to settle on decisions from unstructured input information without manual designing of the state space. 

20. What is DRM (Digital rights management)? 

Digital rights management (DRM) technological protection measures (TPM) are a bunch of access control advances for limiting the utilization of exclusive hardware and copyrighted works. Digital rights management incorporates codes that forbid duplicating, or codes that limit the time or number of devices on which a specific product can be accessed. DRM permits to limit or prevent clients from altering or saving content and limits or prevents clients from sharing or sending content.

21. What is DRNC (Drift RNC)? 

Drift RNCs assist the Serving RNC by giving radio resources. A UE in association state has something like one and only one SRNC, however it can have 0 or different DRNCs. 

22. What is DRR (Deficit Round Robin)? 

Deficit Round Robin (DRR) is an algorithm for the network scheduler. DRR is, like weighted fair queuing (WFQ), a packet-based execution of the best Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS) strategy. It was introduced by M. Shreedhar and G. Varghese in 1995 as an effective and reasonable algorithm.

23. What is DRX (Discontinuous Reception)? 

Discontinuous reception (DRX) intends to decrease the device power consumption. Discontinuous reception is a technique utilized in versatile communication to moderate the battery of the portable device. Discontinuous reception extraordinarily decreases the device power utilization, it is feasible to go above and beyond on account of carrier aggregation. This is generally a function designed into the protocol that permits this to occur – most outstandingly how the transmission is organized. This is utilized in 802.11 wireless organizations when viable access cards and access points negotiate a power saving mode arrangement. 

24. What is DS-CDMA (direct-sequence code division multiple access)? 

Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access is a multiple access method dependent on DSSS, by spreading the signals from/to various clients with various codes. Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a spread-spectrum modulation strategy primarily utilized to decrease overall signal interference.

Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access is the most generally utilized sort of CDMA. 

25. What is DS-MIPv6 (Dual Stack Mobile IPv6)? 

Dual Stack Mobile IPv6 (DSMIPv6) is an augmentation of Mobile IPv6 to assist IPv4 care-of address and to convey IPv4 traffic by means of bi-directional tunnels among the portable nodes and their home agents.DSMIPv6. The motivation of DSMIPv6 is to build up, oversee and tear down a portability tunnel between the UE and the HA work which resides inside the PDN-GW.  

26. What is DS-SS (Direct-sequence spread spectrum)? 

Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a spread-spectrum modulation method essentially utilized to decrease generally signal impedance. Some reasonable and compelling utilization of DSSS incorporates the code-division multiple access (CDMA) strategy, the IEEE 802.11b determination utilized in Wi-Fi networks, and the Global Positioning System. The direct-sequence modulation makes the transmitted signal more extensive in bandwidth than the data bandwidth.

27. What is DSA (Dynamic Service Addition)?

By utilizing a three-way handshake protocol alluded to as Dynamic Service Addition (DSA), in WiMAX, portable networks associations, also alluded to as service flows, can be dynamically activated between the base station and the versatile stations. Blocking probability, admission control probability, and latency of DSA protocol are assessed, for various conditions of portability and parameters of PHY and MAC layers. In any case, degraded channel quality and questionable message retransmissions might lead to an unsuccessful activation of a service flow. 

28. What is DSC (Diversity Selection Combining)? 

DSC is utilized to acquire different information streams in order to combat errors during image transmission on wireless channels compared to the transmitted image at the receiver. These individual image information streams are joined to form a composite image with higher perceptual quality. By utilizing the DSC method, it can build the quality of image transmission at the receiver. At the point when DSC is utilized, it can influence the number of errors, so that the signal transmitted to the wireless channels becomes more robust against impedance caused by transmission channels.  

29. What is  DSCH (Downlink Shared Channel)? 

The Downlink Shared Channel is a downlink transport channel that might be shared by few User Equipment. DSCH is utilized in UMTS to transmit packets on the downlink to the UEs. It is utilized to convey dedicated control or traffic information from the Serving Radio Network Controller. 

30. What is DSCP (Differentiated Services Code-Point)? 

Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) is a method of arranging and overseeing network traffic and of giving quality of service (QoS) in modern Layer 3 IP networks. It utilizes the 6-bit Differentiated Services (DS) field in the IP header for the purpose of packet arrangement. Differentiated services is a computer networking architecture that determines a straightforward and versatile mechanism for characterizing network traffic. 

31. What is DSL (digital subscriber line)? 

Digital subscriber lines are utilized to communicate advanced information over phone lines. The term DSL is generally perceived to mean asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), the most ordinarily introduced DSL technology, for Internet access in telecommunications marketing. The bit rate of consumer DSL frameworks ordinarily goes from 256 kbit/s to more than 100 Mbit/s in the direction of the client, based on DSL technology, line conditions, and service-level execution. 

32. What is DSP (Digital Signal Processing)? 

Digital signal processing (DSP) is the utilization of digital processing to execute a wide assortment of signal processing tasks, for example digital signal processors. DSP applications incorporate sound processing, sonar, radar and other sensor array processing, video coding, audio coding, spectral density assessment, digital image processing, information compression, image compression, signal processing for telecommunications. Digital signal processing is the subfield of signal processing. The utilization of digital computation to signal processing permits numerous benefits over analog processing in numerous applications, like error detection and correction.

33. What is a DSP (digital signal processor)? 

 A digital signal processor (DSP) is a specialized microprocessor chip. It has improved design for the functional necessities of digital signal processing. Digital signal processors are manufactured on MOS integrated circuit chips. The objective of a DSP is generally to estimate, filter or compress continuous analog signals. DSPs regularly utilize extraordinary memory designs that can bring numerous information or directions simultaneously. They are generally utilized in audio signal processing, telecommunications, digital image processing, radar, sonar and speech recognition frameworks. 

34. What is DSRC (Dedicated short‐range communications)? 

Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) are one-way or two-way short-range to medium-range wireless communication channels explicitly intended for automotive utilization and a corresponding set of protocols and standards. DSRC gives a profoundly secure communication channel. DSRC works in the 5.9 GHz band giving low latency data exchange among vehicles and the framework. In 2004, the FCC devoted a bandwidth of 75 MHz for DSRC in the 5.9 GHz band. 

35. What is DSS (Data Security Standard)? 

Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a data conveying technology utilized in local area wireless network transmissions. An information signal at the sending station is associated with a high data rate bit sequence, which partitions user information depending on a spreading proportion. Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is utilized to diminish signal interference. The direct-sequence modulation makes the communicated signal more extensive in bandwidth than the data bandwidth. After the despreading or removal of the direct-sequence modulation in the receiver, the data bandwidth is reestablished, while the unintentional and intentional interference is considerably diminished. 

36. What is DSTM (Dual Stack Transition Mechanism)? 

  Dual Stack Transition Mechanism (DSTM) is a transition procedure. It can be transparent to the network and to the application, Legacy IPv4 applications can be run over IPv6-only networks without adjustment and IPv4 addresses are progressively allocated as required and then recovered. It is dependent on the use of IPv4-over-IPv6 tunnels to facilitate interoperability between recently conveyed IPv6 and existing IPv4 networks.

37. What is DSTSK (Differential Space-Time Shift Keying)? 

Differential STSK (DSTSK) method is supported by the Cayley unitary transform, which does not need any Channel State Information (CSI) at the receiver. The usual error-doubling, brought about by the distinct decoding, leads to a 3-dB execution penalty in contrast with Coherent STSK (CSTSK). 

38. What is DTAP (Direct Transfer Application Part)? 

Direct Transfer Application Part is an application protocol. It is utilized between the 2G versatile and the core network, Establishment. DTAP is working with the exchange of session management, portability management and call control signalling connected with systems like Network Attach, Location Area Update and Call Establishment.

39. What is DTCH (dedicated traffic channel)? 

A Channel Dedicated Traffic Channel is a point to point channel. It is dedicated to one versatile for the convey of client data. A DTCH can in both directions of the uplink and downlink. A dedicated traffic channel is only available by one gadget to convey client information. 

40. What is DTF (Discrete Fourier transform)? 

The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) changes over a limited arrangement of similarly spaced samples of a function into an equivalent-length sequence of equivalent spaced samples of the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT), which is a complex-esteemed function of frequency. It is utilized to perform Fourier analysis in numerous functional applications. The DFT is the most significant discrete transform. 

41. What is DTFT (Discrete-time Fourier transform)? 

The discrete-time alludes to the way that the transform operates on discrete data, regularly samples whose interval has units of time. The discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) is a type of Fourier analysis. It is relevant to a sequence of values. The DTFT is regularly utilized to examine samples of a continuous function. The discrete-time Fourier transform of a discrete sequence of complex numbers x[n], for all integers n, is a Fourier series, which creates a periodic function of a frequency variable.

42. What is DTIM (Delivery Traffic Indication Message)? 

A Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM) is a sort of Traffic Indication Message. It tells the user about the buffered broadcast information presence on the access point. It is created within the periodic beacon at a frequency determined by the DTIM Interval. A higher DTIM period might expand the potential savings in power utilization. It diminishes the communication throughput. The longer a user portable may sleep and therefore the more power that a specific user device may conceivably save, when the higher DTIM period.

43. What is DTLS (Datagram transport layer security)? 

Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) is a transmission protocol giving security to datagram-based applications by permitting them to convey in a manner intended to avoid eavesdropping, tampering, or message forgery. And it also ensures information protection and prevents snooping and altering. 

44. What is a DTM (Digital Terrain Model)? 

Digital Terrain Models (DTM) also known as Digital Elevation Models (DEM). The information records contain the elevation information of the terrain in a digital design. It is a topographic model of the bare Earth that can be controlled by computer programs. DTMs are utilized particularly in civil engineering, geodesy & surveying, geophysics, geography and remote sensing.

45. What is DTM (Dual transfer mode)? 

Dual Transfer Mode (DTM) makes synchronous convey of Circuit switched (CS) voice and Packet switched (PS) information over the similar radio channel simpler. It is dependent on the GSM standard. One normal class carried out by cell phone vendors is the DTM Multislot Class 11. In 2010, devices with DTM multislot class 32 like Nokia N900 were accessible. A synchronous voice and information call indicates that an information call might begin an ongoing voice call or a voice call may begin a continuous information call. 

46. What is DTMF (Dual tone multi-frequency)?

Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) is a telecommunication signaling framework. It utilizes the voice-frequency band over telephone lines among portable devices and different communications devices and switching centers. DTMF was first evolved in the Bell System in the United States. This framework utilizing a telephone keypad gradually supplanted the utilization of rotary dial and has become the industry standard for landline and versatile assistance. Other multi-frequency frameworks are utilized for internal signaling within the telephone network.

47. What is DTP (Data Transfer Protocol)?

Data Transfer Project (DTP) is an open source initiative to facilitate customer-controlled bulk information conveyed among two online frameworks. DTP conveys data among services without any need for an intermediate step where the information must be downloaded, stored and re-uploaded. DTP was created to make the bulk information transfer process easier by diminishing the quantity of necessities that presently make it hard to move information from one cloud supplier then onto the next.

48. What is DTR (Data Terminal Ready)?   

Data Terminal Ready (DTR) is a control signal in RS-232 sequential communications, sent from information terminal equipment (DTE), like a computer, to information communications hardware. The DTR signal is available on pin 20 of the 22-wire RS-232 interface utilizing a DB-25 connector, and on pin 4 of a newer DE-9 serial port.

49. What is DTT (Data Transmission Time)?

The transmission time is from the start until the finish of a message conveying a measure of time. It is the time from the first bit until the last bit of a message has left the transmitting node in the digital message. The packet transmission time in seconds can be acquired from the packet size in bits.

50. What is DTX (Discontinuous Transmission)?

Discontinuous transmission (DTX) is a strategy of momentarily shutting down a versatile or portable wireless telephone set when there is no voice input to the set. The GSM framework permits the cell device to utilize DTx by irregularly halting transmission during periods of low audio speech activity. This enhances the general productivity of a wireless voice communications system. A DTX circuit works utilizing voice activity detection ( VAD ).

51. What is DU (Distributed unit)?

DU gives assistance for the lower layers of the protocol stack, for example, RLC, MAC and Physical layer. This is the distributed unit that sits near to the RU and runs the RLC, MAC, and segments of the PHY layer. Each DU can uphold at least one cell, so one gNB can handle many cells, not at all like the 4G BTS. This logical node incorporates a subset of the eNB/gNB capacities, contingent upon the useful split alternative, and its activity is constrained by the CU. 

52. DVB (digital video broadcasting)?

  Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is a bunch of international open norms for digital television. DVB norms are kept up by the DVB Project. 

DVB frameworks are enhanced for TV as well as for home shopping and banking, private organization broadcasting, and intelligent survey. DVB provides the future prospects of giving excellent TV displays. DVB permits content suppliers to offer their administrations anyplace. DVB is upheld regardless of geographic area, grow their administrations effectively and reasonably, and guarantee limited admittance to supporters, accordingly lessening lost income because of unapproved seeing. 

53. What is DVFS (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling)

Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is generally utilized to coordinate with framework power utilization with required execution. DVFS is most effective when dynamic power is the dominant power consumption mode. DVFS enhances both the frequency and the voltage; it is profoundly viable on both dynamic and static power. Dynamic voltage scaling is a subset of DVFS that progressively scales down the voltage (only) dependent on the execution requirements.

54. What is DVRB (Distributed virtual resource block)

Distributed virtual resource block is a technique for allotting resources in the E-UTRA. It distributes the planned resources in order to improve certain aspects of impedance.

55. What is DVRP (Distance Vector Routing Protocol)

A distance-vector routing (DVR) protocol requires that a router give signal to its neighbors regarding topology changes intermittently. Distance-vector routing protocols examine the distance by the quantity of routers a packet has to pass, one router counts as one hop. Also generally called as the old ARPANET routing algorithm. A distance-vector routing protocol in information networks decides the best route for information packets dependent on distance. 

56. What is dwMDS (distributed weighted multidimensional scaling)?

The distributed weighted-multidimensional scaling (dwMDS) algorithm that adaptively underscores the most accurate range estimations and normally represents communication constraints inside the sensor network. The distributed weighted multidimensional scaling algorithm decreases estimation costs by requiring range estimations among a small quantity of neighboring sensors. Every node adaptively picks a neighborhood of sensors, refreshes its position gauge by limiting a nearby expense capacity and afterward passes this update to adjoining sensors. 

57. What is DWMT (Discrete Wavelet Multitone)?

A discrete wavelet multitone (DWMT) framework for transmission over hybrid fiber coax (HFC) networks is described. DWMT is a high performance multicarrier modulation procedure. It gives robust, productive communications in the presence of the kinds of channel impairments encountered on the HFC plant. It is dependent on a wavelet transform, gives ghastly effectiveness and accomplishes huge benefits within the sight of narrowband obstruction to address the difficulties of giving media transmission administrations on HFC organizations.