Technical details of Mobile Network Operators (MNOs).
- Definition and Role:
- An MNO, also known as a wireless service provider, wireless carrier, cellular company, or mobile network carrier, is an organization that provides wireless communication services to end-users.
- These services include voice and data transfer over a wireless network.
- MNOs own or control all the essential elements required to sell and deliver services to users.
- Key Components of an MNO:
- Radio Spectrum Allocation: MNOs acquire licenses from regulatory or government entities to access specific radio frequencies (spectrum). This spectrum is used for wireless communication.
- Wireless Network Infrastructure:
- MNOs build and maintain a network of cell sites (base stations) distributed across a geographic area.
- These cell sites communicate with mobile devices (phones, tablets, etc.) via radio waves.
- Backhaul Infrastructure:
- MNOs establish high-capacity connections between cell sites and central network locations.
- Backhaul ensures efficient data transfer between cell sites and the core network.
- Billing and Provisioning Systems:
- MNOs manage billing, provisioning, and customer care through computer systems.
- These systems handle user subscriptions, service activation, and billing.
- Marketing and Repair Organizations:
- MNOs promote their services through marketing efforts.
- They also maintain repair centers for device troubleshooting and maintenance.
- Wholesale Services:
- In addition to retail services under their own brand, MNOs may offer access to network services at wholesale rates to Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs).
- MVNOs are companies that provide mobile services using an MNO’s infrastructure without owning the network elements.
- Defining Characteristics:
- Spectrum Ownership: An MNO must own or control access to a radio spectrum license.
- Network Infrastructure Ownership: MNOs must own or control the network infrastructure necessary to provide services over the licensed spectrum.
- Outsourcing: While MNOs typically handle provisioning, billing, and customer care, they can outsource these functions and still be considered MNOs.
