Glossary Telecom – F (Part 2)

1. What is FGI (Feature group indicator)? 

Feature Group Indicator (FGI) is an extraordinary Information Element (IE) inside UE Capability Information message. Feature Group Indicator gives data about radio protocol perspectives. FGI data is utilized by eNodeB or MME before they make any procedure for a specific UE. This assists the eNodeB and MME to avoid directing UE to accomplish something not upheld.  

2. What is FGW (Femto Gateway)? 

Fronthaul (FH) is a fiber-based transport network between a remote radio head (RRH) and the baseband unit (BBU). Fronthaul Gateway (FHGW) is a network component empowering administrators to oversee radio equipment associations. It portrays the network design that associates the remote cell sites. It used to connect the end user or node to a significant network. 

3. What is FH (Frequency Hopping)? 

In frequency hopping frameworks, the transmitter changes the carrier frequency as indicated by a certain “hopping” design. This avoids the issue of failing communication at a specific recurrence, due to a fade or a specific interferer. There are two sorts of frequency hopping: Slow Frequency Hopping (SFH) and Fast Frequency Hopping (FFH). Frequency Hopping effectively suppresses the Near-Far impact and diminishes the requirement for power control.  

4. What is FHS (Frequency hopping synchronization)? 

Frequency hopping synchronization is an association between a master (M) and slaves (S) results from a frequency-hopping algorithm orchestrated by the master (M), and which is dispersed between slaves (S) by means of phase synchronization.  This provides slaves (S) equivalent time for availability. Frequency hopping is a communication scheme utilized in Bluetooth-empowered devices between a transmitter and a receiver.   

5. What is FIB (Forwarding Information Base)? 

A forwarding information base (FIB), also called a forwarding table or MAC table. It is usually utilized to track down the proper output network interface to which the input interface should forward a packet in network bridging, routing, and comparable capacities. It is most generally utilized in network bridging, routing, and similar functions to find the proper interface to which the input interface should transmit a packet to be communicated by the router. 

6. What is FIFO (First In First Out)? 

FIFO is a shortening for first in, first out. It is a technique for managing information structures where the first element is handled first and the newest element is handled last. FIFO (first-in, first-out) is a way to deal with managing program work requests from queues or stacks and the oldest request is handled next. 

7. What is FIM (Fisher information matrix)? 

Fisher information is a method of estimating the measure of data that is a perceptible random variable X and it conveys about an unknown parameter θ of a dispersion that models X. The Fisher information is likewise utilized in the estimation of the Jeffreys prior, which is utilized in Bayesian statistics. It is the difference of the score, or the expected value of the data information. 

8. What is FIPS (Federal Information Processing Standards)? 

The Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) are a bunch of US Government security prerequisites for information and its encryption. FIPS details are changed variants of standards utilized in the technical communities. Technical communities like American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). FIPS principles are given to set up necessities for different purposes like guaranteeing PC security and interoperability and are planned for cases in which appropriate industry guidelines don’t as of now exist. 

9. What is FIT (Finite Integration Technique)? 

FIT was introduced by Thomas Weiland in 1977. The Finite Integration Technique (FIT) is a predictable detailing for the discrete representation of Maxwell’s equations on spatial frameworks. FIT has some beneficial properties contrasted with the FDTD, in light of the fact that it includes integrals rather than differential. It is additionally similar to the finite element strategy. 

10. What is FLL (frequency-locked loop)? 

Frequency-locked loop (FLL), is an electronic control framework. It produces a signal that is locked to the recurrence of an input signal. Frequency-lock loops are utilized in radio, broadcast communications, PCs and other electronic applications to produce stable frequencies. Frequency Lock Loops (FLL) track the Doppler recurrence of the approaching signal, without essentially amending for phase.

11. What is FLR (Frame Loss Ratio)? 

FLR is characterized as a level of the quantity of administration frames not successfully conveyed according to the all out number of administration frames transmitted, during a particular time period with the exception of where any packet loss is the consequence of an Excluded Disruption. Frame Loss Ratio will be determined by halving the amount of the Forward and Reverse Frame Loss Ratios. 

12. What is FM (fault management)? 

Fault management is the arrangement of capacities that recognize, detach, and correct malfunctions in broadcast communications, and incorporate keeping up with and inspecting error logs. Network component will regularly transfer a warning to the network administrator utilizing a convention like SNMP, when an error occurs. Fault management frameworks might utilize complex filtering frameworks to appoint cautions to severity levels. A fault management permits a network administrator to monitor events from multiple frameworks and perform actions dependent on this data. 

13. What is FM (Frequency Modulated)? 

Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of data in a transporter wave by differing the instantaneous recurrence of the wave. Frequency modulation is generally utilized for FM radio broadcasting. It is likewise utilized in telemetry, radar. A benefit of recurrence modulation is that it has a larger signal-to-noise ratio and in this manner rejects radio recurrence interference better than an equivalent power amplitude modulation (AM) signal. 

14. What is FMC (Fixed Mobile Convergence)?  

Fixed–mobile convergence (FMC) is an adjustment of broadcast communications that eliminates contrasts among fixed and portable networks. A definitive objective of FMC is to optimize transmission of all data, voice and video communications to and between the end users, regardless their areas or devices.

15. What is FL (Flight level)? 

Flight level (FL) is an aircraft’s altitude at standard air pressure. Flight levels are depicted by a number, which is the nominal altitude, in hundreds of feet, while being a multiple of 500 ft, subsequently continually finishing in 0 or 5. Flight levels are utilized to guarantee safe vertical division between aircraft, despite natural local variations in atmospheric air pressure. Flight levels are normally assigned in writing as FLxxx, where xxx is a two- or three-digit number showing the pressure altitude in units of 100 feet. 

16. What is FIR (Finite Impulse Response)?

A finite impulse response (FIR) filter is a filter whose impulse response is of finite duration, due to it settles to zero in finite time. A precisely linear phase-response can be accomplished with FIR filters, without phase distortion, with the outcome that they can be utilized in the recreation of signals. FIR filters is that near-optimal multidimensional FIR filters can be planned effectively beginning from one-dimensional (1-D) prototypes and utilizing spectral transformations.

17. What is FMCW (frequency-modulated continuous wave)? 

FMCW radar is an extraordinary sort of radar sensor which transmits constant transmission power. The radar utilized a linear frequency modulated continuous wave waveform with a sweep repetition recurrence of 50Hz. FMCW radar can change its working recurrence during the estimation, which is, the transmission signal is modulated in recurrence. Possibilities of Radar estimations ​​through runtime estimations are just in fact conceivable with these progressions in the recurrence.

18. What is FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard)? 

The Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) are U.S. government vehicle guidelines determining plan, development, execution, and sturdiness prerequisites for engine vehicles and controlled Automobile security related parts, frameworks, and configuration highlights. FMVSS/CMVSS private import of foreign vehicles not initially fabricated to North American details is troublesome. FMVSS principles are made to ensure the general population by limiting vehicle accidents, wounds and deaths. 

19. What is FO (Frequency offset)? 

The frequency offset is an intentional slight shift of transmission radio frequency (RF). It is used to diminish impedance with different transmitters. The phase of the demodulated digital signals will increment or reduce with time and the change slope is the frequency offset at the point when a frequency offset exists. 

20. What is FOC (full operational capability)? 

The Full Operational Capability (FOC) is when a framework is conveyed to a client and they have the ability to keep up with it to meet a functional need. This is normally preceded by an initial operational capability (IOC) phase. IOC is a decent measuring point to check whether there are any refinement requirements prior to proceeding to Full Operational Capability (FOC).

21. What is FoM (Figure-of-Merit)? 

A figure of merit is an amount utilized to portray the execution of a device, framework or method, comparative with its other options. Figures of merit are frequently characterized for specific materials or devices in order to decide their relative utility for an application. The figure of merit may be a straightforward metric or be determined by an intricate algorithm. 

22. What is FOMA (Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access)? 

FOMA was the primary innovation that included high-speed 3G technology able to give mobile phones large numbers of similar capacities as personal computers (PCs). The FOMA 3G service permits clients to encounter additional complex and quicker administrations from NTT DoCoMo. The Japanese media communications provider launched FOMA in 2001, making it the first Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) 3G service to commence operation.

23. What is ForCES (Forwarding and Control Element Separation)? 

The Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) protocol characterizes a standard structure for the association between control components and forwarding components in IP routers and comparative devices. The ForCES protocol is utilized for conveying among Control Elements(CEs) and Forwarding Elements (FEs) in a ForCES Network Element. It focuses on the communication fundamental for partition of control plane functionality like routing protocols, signaling protocols, and admission control from information sending plane per-packet activities for example, packet sending, queuing, and header editing.     

24. What is the FMS Flexible Manufacturing System? 

A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is an assembling framework wherein there is some measure of adaptability that permits the framework to respond in case of changes, whether predicted or unpredicted. Most FMS comprise of three principle frameworks:

1) The “Work Machines” which are regularly automated “CNC machines” are associated by

2) The “Central Control Computer” which manages material movements and machine flow.

3) By a “Material handling” framework to advance parts stream. 

25. What is FOSS (free and open source software)? 

Free and open-source software (FOSS) is both free software and open-source software where anybody is unreservedly authorized to utilize, duplicate, study, and change the software in any capacity, and the source code is straightforwardly shared so that individuals are encouraged to urged to deliberately work on the plan of the software. FOSS keeps up with the software user’s civil liberty rights. FOSS can incorporate diminished software costs, expanded security and stability, protecting privacy, instruction, and offering clients more control over their equipment. 

26. What is FOV (Field of view)? 

Field of view (FOV) is the greatest area of a sample that a camera can picture. It is identified with two things, the focal length of the lens and the sensor size. The field of view (FoV) is the extent of the detectable world that is seen at any given moment. On account of optical sensors, it is a solid angle through which an identifier is delicate to electromagnetic radiation. 

27. What is FP (Frame Protocol)? 

The Frame Protocol is the least layer user plane convention utilized in UTRAN IuB and IuR interfaces. It is portrayed in 3GPP TS 25.427 (Dedicated transport channels) and 3GPP TS 25.435 (Common transport channels). Frame Protocol is for the Iur and Iub interfaces is the user plane protocol, working with the transferral of Transport Channels. 

28. What is FPGA (field-programmable gate array)? 

A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an incorporated circuit intended to be arranged by a client or a creator subsequent to assembling – thus the term “field-programmable”.  FPGAs, logic blocks additionally incorporate memory components, which may be straightforward flip-flops of memory. The FPGA design is by and large determined utilizing a hardware description language (HDL). FPGAs have a role in embedded framework improvement because of their capability to start system software (SW) development simultaneously with hardware (HW), empower framework execution reenactments at a beginning stage of the development. 

29. What is FPLMTS (Future Public Land Future public land mobile telecommunication systems)? 

FPLMTS was an idea created in the CCIR for future portable administrations, incorporating PCS. FPLMTS are third generation global frameworks which mean to unify the diverse frameworks that are seen today into a seamless radio infrastructure capable of offering a wide range of administrations, with the fixed quality the year 2000 in wide range radio environments. 

30. What is FQAM (Frequency Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)? 

Frequency quadrature amplitude modulation (FQAM) has been displayed to lessen the ICI at the cell edge hence accomplish a higher transmission rate for cell edge users. This paper researches the recognition of FQAM symbols and noise plus ICI in a multi-cell FQAM communication network.

31. What is FQDN (fully qualified domain name)? 

A fully qualified domain name (FQDN), is a domain name that indicates its definite location in the tree hierarchy of the Domain Name System (DNS). Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN) are complete addresses of sites, computers and different elements that can be accessed on the Internet. An FQDN comprises three labels, incorporating the hostname, second-level domain name and top-level domain name (TLD), each isolated by a period. 

32. What is FR (frequency range)? 

The frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz is conventionally alluded to as the people’s audible range. A continuous range of frequencies that extends from one restricting recurrence then onto the next. A continuous range of frequencies that enhances from one restricting frequency to another. The frequency range for given hardware determines the frequencies at which the equipment is operable. 

33. What is FR (Frame Relay)? 

Frame Relay is a normalized wide area network (WAN) innovation that determines physical and data link layers of digital broadcast communications channels and utilizes a packet switching technique. The Frame Relay network handles the transmission over a regularly changing way straightforward to all end-user widely utilized WAN protocols. It is more affordable than leased lines. Frame relay puts information in a variable-size unit called a frame and leaves any necessary error correction up to the endpoints, which speeds up overall information transmission. 

34. What is FR (Frequency Reuse)? 

Frequency Reuse is the plan where allotment and reuse of channels throughout a coverage region is finished. Frequency reuse works on the spectral efficiency and signal Quality (QoS). Frequency reuse conspiracy proposed for GSM frameworks give a protection against impedance. Frequency reuse plans permit WiMax framework administrators to reuse similar frequencies at various cell sites.  

35. What is FRS (Frequency Reuse Scheme)? 

Frequency Reuse is the plan wherein assignment and reuse of channels throughout a coverage region is done. This plan likewise improves on RF planning–one requires only to assign segments to sectors while utilizing a similar RF channel among every single base-station. It diminishes inter-cell interference and limits the outage area. Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels or Frequency sub-bands to be utilized inside a small geographic area known as a cell. The shape of the cell is Hexagonal.

36. What is FSF (Free Software Foundation)? 

The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is used to promote computer user freedom. It promotes the creation, dispersion and change of free software programs and applications with no limitation. FSF was established by Richard Stallman in 1985 as a component of the free software movement and the earlier GNU Project. The Free Software Foundation was set up to support the improvement of free software. 

37. What is FSPL (free-space path loss)? 

Free-space power loss is proportional to the square of the distance between the transmitter and receiver. Free-space path loss (FSPL) is the attenuation between the feedpoints of two antennas of radio energy that results from the blend of the receiving antenna’s capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight path through free space. The FSPL shows up in vacuum under preferably conditions, for example, a radio communication between satellites. 

38. What is FSS (Fixed Satellite Service)? 

Fixed Satellite Service is a radiocommunication administration between earth stations at given positions, when at least one satellite is utilized. The given position might be a predefined fixed point, now and again this assistance incorporates satellite-to-satellite connections, which may also be worked in the inter-satellite service; the fixed-satellite assistance may likewise incorporate feeder joins for other space radiocommunication administrations.

39. What is FST (Fast Session Transfer)? 

Fast Session Transfer (FST) is the exchange of a session from a channel to another channel, in the equivalent or diverse recurrence bands. The term “session” alludes to non-physical layer state data kept by a pair of stations (STAs) that convey straightforwardly. 

40. What is FT (Fourier Transform)? 

Fourier transform (FT) decomposes functions relying upon space or time into capacities relying upon spatial or temporal recurrence, like the expression of a musical chord in terms of the volumes and frequencies of its constituent notes. Fourier transform has numerous applications in physics and designing like investigation of LTI frameworks, RADAR, astronomy, signal processing and so on.

41. What is FTP (file transfer protocol)? 

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is utilized to transfer documents from computer to computer, in which one of them acts as the server, giving the two have an Internet connection. FTP permits clients to download web pages, documents, and programs. For secure transmission that ensures the username and password, and encrypts the content, FTP is frequently secured with SSL/TLS (FTPS) or supplanted with SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP).

42. What is FTTA (Fiber‐to‐the‐Antenna)? 

FTTA is a broadband network architecture. In FTTA optical fiber is utilized to associate the remote radio head (RRH) to the base station in new antennas. This design considers upgraded energy proficiency, expanded data transfer capacity and further developed adaptability—all fundamental elements for an effective LTE organization. 

43. What is FTTx (Fiber to the X)? 

FFT utilizes optical fiber to give all local loops utilized for last mile telecommunications. It can convey data at high speeds over significant distances, copper cables utilized in conventional phone lines and ADSL cannot. FTTP has been selected by every significant communications supplier to convey information over long 1 Gbit/s symmetrical associations straightforwardly to consumer homes. 

44. What is FW (Firewalls)? 

Firewall is a network security framework. It measures and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic dependent on foreordained security rules. A firewall typically regularly builds up a hindrance between a trusted network and an untrusted network. It investigates approaching and outgoing traffic utilizing a bunch of rules to recognize and hinder threats. Firewalls are utilized in both corporate and consumer settings. Firewalls perform significant logging and audit capacities. They keep a record of events, which can be utilized by executives to distinguish patterns and further develop rule sets.      

45. What is FWA (fixed wireless access)? 

Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) empowers network administrators to convey ultra-high-speed broadband to rural and country regions. It supports home and business applications where fiber is restrictively costly to lay and keep up with. FWA can give high speeds with low latency, it’s expected to compete with satellite associations in many parts of the world. 

46. What is FR (Full Rate)? 

Full Rate was the first digital speech coding standard. It is utilized in the GSM digital cell phone framework. The bit rate of the codec is 13 kbit/s, or 1.625 bits/audio sample. FR will be supplanted by Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) and Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) standards, which gives much higher speech quality with lower bit rate.   

47. What is FRAMES (Future Radio Wideband Multiple Access Systems)? 

The aim of FRAMES is to characterize, to create and to assess a wideband and productive multiple access scheme which satisfies the UMTS prerequisites. The focus of the project is the air interface definition, validation and demonstration to meet all significant working conditions and UMTS administrations from narrowband up to wideband information administrations. The project is creating a pair of base station demonstrators and portable terminals to exhibit the fundamental functionality of the FRAMES specification.