Glossary Telecom – C (Part 1)

1. What is CB (code block)?

Code::Blocks is an open-source cross-platform IDE that assists numerous compilers incorporating GCC, Clang, and Visual C++. It is created in C++ utilizing wxWidgets as the GUI toolkit. Its capabilities and highlights are characterized by the given plugins by utilizing a plugin architecture. Code::Blocks is situated towards C, C++, and Fortran. It has a custom build framework and discretionary Make support. Code::Blocks is being created for Windows and Linux and has been ported to FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and Solaris.

2. What is CB (Coherence Bandwidth)?

Coherence bandwidth is a factual estimation of the range of frequencies over which the channel can be considered “flat”. It is the approximate maximum bandwidth over which two frequencies of a signal are probably to experience correlated amplitude fading. Coherent bandwidth is an estimate of the frequency that can be changed while experiencing a comparable fading environment.

3. What is CB (Communication barring)?

Communication barring permits clients to progressively block incoming communications from callers whom they consider undesirable. Services are assisted Communication Notwithstanding are 1. Incoming Communication Barring (ICB) cancels incoming calls that fulfill configured conditions on behalf of the terminating Multimedia Telephony client. 2. Anonymous Communication Rejection (ACR) is an uncommon case of ICB, which permits cancelation of incoming calls from an anonymous source on behalf of the terminating Multimedia Telephony user. 3. Outgoing Communication Barring (OCB) is a service that cancels outgoing calls that fulfill configured conditions on behalf of the originating Multimedia Telephony user.

4. What is CBC (cell broadcast center)?

Most nations select the cell broadcast technology when managing mobile Early Warning Systems. It is assisted over 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks in a similar manner. With a single Cell Broadcast Center serving all networks, the transmission service’s functionality does not change when roaming from one network to another.

It deals with the organization of all SMS-CB messages it gets from the CBEs and does the communication towards the GSM network. 

5. What is CBC (Cipher Block Chaining)? 

 Cipher block chaining (CBC) is a method of activity for a block cipher.  The sequence of bits is encrypted as a single unit, with a cipher key applied to the whole block. Cipher block chaining utilizes an initialization vector (IV).  Associations and individuals can securely encrypt and decrypt large amounts of plaintext.  Cipher block chaining is one of the most used methods for encrypting large messages, by utilizing the initialization vector along with a single encryption key.  CBC can encrypt large plaintext inputs yet at a slower pace than some parallel encryption algorithms, for a more secure electronic codebook (ECB) successory. 

6. What is CBC-MAC (Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code)? 

A cipher block chaining message authentication code (CBC-MAC) is a method for developing a message confirmation code from a block cipher. The message is encrypted with some block cipher algorithm in CBC mode to make a chain of blocks. Then each block depends on the encryption of the previous block and guarantees that a change to any of the plaintext bits will make the last encrypted block to change in a manner that cannot be anticipated without knowing the key to the block cipher.

7. What is CBE (cell broadcast entity)? 

The Cell Broadcast Entity (CBE)  permits the definition and control of Cell Broadcast messages (SMS-CB). The CBE can be arranged at the premises of the data supplier. The CBE transfers the messages to the Cell Broadcast Centre (CBC) from the operator of the portable network.

8. What is CBG (code block group)? 

One TB is usually made up of multiple CBG and one CBG is usually made up of multiple CB. But there is a possibility of seeing some extreme types as shown below. In the example shown below, one TB is made up of only one CBG which is made up of multiple CBs.

9. What is a CBOC (composite binary offset carrier)? 

Composite binary offset carrier modulated signals are applied to the new-generation satellite radio navigation systems (SRNSs). The block diagram of the CBOC-signal satellite transmitter is dependent on the coherent adaptive subcarrier modulation (CASM) algorithm. The Composite Binary Offset Carrier modulation is a specific execution of the Multiplexed Binary Offset Carrier modulation. CBOC is utilized by Galileo satellite signals. It is shaped by the expansion or deduction of two weighted sine binary offset carrier modulations.

10. What is CBP (call blocking probability)? 

Call Blocking probability is the opportunity that a user will be refused service because of an absence of resources. A blocking probability of 0.01 means 1% of users will be refused service.

11. What is CBR (Case-Based Reasoning)? 

Case-based reasoning (CBR) is the process of tackling new issues dependent on the arrangements of similar past issues. CBR also empowers the reasoner to propose answers to issues quickly. The reasoner can propose arrangements in regions that the person does not completely comprehend, assess solutions when no algorithmic technique is available and interpret open-ended and badly characterized ideas. 

12. What is CBR (Constant Bit Rate)? 

Constant Bit Rate is the procedure of encoding with the window media Format. Constant bit rate encoding implies that the rate at which a codec’s output information should be consumed is constant. CBR is not optimal for saving information, it may not allocate sufficient information for complex sections and if it expands quality for complex sections, it will waste information on simple sections.

13. What is CBS (Cell Broadcast Service)?

      The Cell Broadcast Service permits the transfer of cell broadcast messages to the portable station that is communicated at a characterized repetition interval. This permits the portable station to get the message regardless of whether entering the cell after the first transmission. The cell broadcast messages can be long, and are transmitted by the test set until the cell broadcast service is disabled or the state of the message(s) being transmitted is set to OFF.

14. What is CBS (committed burst size)?

Committed burst size (CBS) indicates the greatest number of bytes that can be communicated into the network in a short time span. As the time interval tends to zero, the committed burst size addresses the number of bytes that can be transmitted into the network.

CBS is applicable to a service running over Ethernet networks. It is the number of allocated bytes accessible for bursts of service frames that are transmitted temporarily at rates above the CIR, while still meeting the SLA given at the CIR. 

15. What is CBTC (Communication‐Based Train Control)?

Communications-based train control (CBTC) is a system that utilizes broadcast communications between the train and track equipment for traffic management. The specific position of a train is known more precisely than with the traditional signaling systems. This results in a more productive and safe manner to deal with the railway traffic. Railway systems are able to improve headways and improve safety. A CBTC system is using high-resolution train location assurance, free from track circuits; continuous, high-capacity, and bidirectional train-to-wayside data communications.

16. What is CC (Confirmation Code)?

Confirmation codes offer extra security when Users Reset their Passwords or user Unlock their accounts. The identity of a user is verified through confirmation codes transmitted to the user Configured Communication Medium at Email or Mobile Number. The selected communication medium would get a code, which the user should reproduce in order to build up his identity at the time of password reset or account unlock.

17. What is CC (Convolutional Code)? 

Convolutional code is one kind of error-correcting code. It creates parity symbols through the sliding application of a boolean polynomial function to an information stream. The sliding application represents the ‘convolution’ of the encoder over the information and increases to the term ‘convolutional coding’.

18. What is CC (Call Control)? 

call control alludes to the software within a portable switch that offers its central function. Call control decodes addressing data and routes telephone calls from one endpoint to another. It makes the highlights that can be utilized to adapt standard switch operation to the requirements of the subscribers. These are known as supplementary services. Such as “Call Waiting”, “Call Forward on Busy” etc. Call control software is marked by both complexity and reliability. 

19. What is Chase combining? 

Chase combining alludes that each re-transmission has similar data. The receiver utilizes maximum-ratio combining to attach the received bits with the similar bits from previous transmissions. Because all transmissions are the same, Chase combining can be seen as additional repetition coding. 

20. What is CC (Component Carrier)? 

Every aggregated carrier is alluded to as a component carrier, CC. Carrier aggregation is utilized in LTE-Advanced in order to enhance the bandwidth and the bitrate. The component carrier can have a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, or 20 MHz. Distinctive component carriers can be planned to give different coverage, i.e. different cell sizes. In the case of inter-band carrier aggregation, the component carriers will experience distinctive path loss, which increments with expanding frequency.

21. What is CC (Cloud Controller)?

The Cloud Controller in Cloud Foundry gives REST API endpoints for customers to access the system. The Cloud Controller controls a database with tables for organizations, spaces, services, user roles, and more. 

22. What is CC (Content of Communication)? 

Content of communication describes that a subscriber transmits and receives voice, text, information as part of a communication service.

23. What is CC (Control channels)?

A control channel is a channel that manages other constituent radios by controlling information streams. It is utilized in the context of a trunked radio framework, where the control channel transfers different information which facilitates clients in talk groups. Control Channels are divided into three categories, in GSM networks: Broadcast Channel (BCH), Common Control Channel (CCCH), and Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH).

24. What is CC (Cooperative Communications)?

Cooperative communication methods are used to consolidate the benefits of the MIMO systems with relay methods and constitute a virtual distributed MIMO framework. Turbo codes utilized in non-cooperative communication scenarios, Distributed Turbo Codes (DTC) are proposed for cooperative communication networks, and resultantly make the procedure of Distributed Turbo Coding Aided Cooperative Communication.

25.  What is CCA (Clear channel assessment)?

Clear channel assessment alludes to the technique of discovering the state of the channel, which is appropriate for the transmission of information. Clear Channel Assessment examines the current state of utilization of a wireless medium. Like function is found in IEEE 802.11 networks and assists in contention avoidance.

The device performs a CCA when transmitting a packet, and examines if the channel is available for transmission. The identified energy on the channel is contrasted with the CA (Clear Channel Assessment) parameter value. If the detected energy surpasses the CA parameter value, the device does not send the packet. The device CCA also inserts a delay before a transmission happens. 

26. What is CCA CCC (command and control center)?

A command and control center is commonly a protected building in a government, military, or prison office. It works as the agency’s dispatch center, surveillance monitoring center, coordination office, and alarm monitoring center. Command and control centers are operated by a government or municipal agency. Different parts of the US military have command and control centers. There are also numerous enormous correctional facilities.

27. What is CCCH (Common Control Channel)?

The Common Control Channel (CCCH) is used to convey control data among all portable devices and the BTS. This is required for the execution of “call origination” and “call paging” capacities. Common Control Channels assist the common methodology needed to build up a dedicated connection with the network. Typical channels incorporate the RACH (Random Access Channel), PCH (Paging Channel), and AGCH (Access Grant Channel) inside GSM.

28. What is  CCD (Cyclic Delay Diversity)? 

Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) is a variety method utilized in OFDM-based telecom frameworks, changing spatial diversity into frequency diversity and hence thus avoiding intersymbol interference. CDD was presented in 2001. It can acquire frequency diversity at the receiver without changing the SISO receiver structure. It is utilized in spatial multiplexing to enhance diversity between the 2 spatial paths.

29. What is  CCDF (Complementary cumulative distribution function)? 

Complementary cumulative distribution functions examine the power complementary cumulative distribution (CCDF) function from a time-domain signal. The CCDF curve shows the measure of time a signal spends over the average power level of the deliberate signal and the likelihood that the signal power will be above the average power level.

30. What is CCE (Control Channel Element? 

 The E-UTRA CCE is a group of assets that can be utilized to transmit a PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel). CCEs One, two, four, or eight can be assembled to assist larger messages. Each CCE comprises 9 REGs (Resource Element Group).

31. What is CCF (Charging collection function!? 

The CCF utilizes data to construct and design Call Detail Recording. For offline charging IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) network components report accounting data to the CCF. 

32. What is CCI (Co-Channel Interference)? 

Co-channel interference is crosstalk from two distinctive radio transmitters utilizing a similar channel. Co-channel interference can be caused by numerous components from climate conditions to administrative and configuration issues. Co-channel interference may be controlled by different radio resource management methods. 

Co-channel interference exists when at least two devices are operating on a similar frequency channel. It prevents the performance by expanding the wait time as the same channel is utilized by various devices.

33. What is CCK (complementary code keying)? 

Complementary code keying (CCK) is utilized with wireless networks (WLANs) that utilize the IEEE 802.11b specification. CCK was accepted to improve the Barker code in wireless digital networks to achieve a data rate higher than 2 Mbit/s at the expense of shorter distance, in 1999. 

This is because of the limited chipping arrangement in CCK that implies less spreading to obtain a higher data rate but more susceptibility to narrowband interference resulting in limited radio transmission range. CCK also has more chipping sequences to encode more bits, expanding the data rate even further. The Barker code, however, only has a single chipping sequence.

34. What are CCNs (Content‐centric networks)? 

content-centric networking (CCN) is described by the fundamental exchange of content request messages and content return messages. It is considered a data-centric networking (ICN) architecture device. The objectives of CCN are to give a safer, adaptable, and versatile network thereby addressing the Internet’s current needs for secure content conveyance on a massive scale to a diverse set of end devices. It gives adaptability by utilizing information names instead of hostnames (IP addresses).

35. What is CCO (cell change order)? 

A Cell Change Order technique empowers 2G/3G/4G generation to trigger a portable system to move to an objective cell without the handover procedure, i.e. assets will not be holding up in the objective cell. CCO strategies are also accessible for Inter-RAT mobility. 

The CELL CHANGE ORDER FROM UTRAN is utilized to change from a UTRAN cell to a cell in another RAT. It is similar to a handover, but it is intended for non-real-time services.

36. What is CCO (Capacity and Coverage Optimization)? 

The coverage and capacity optimization (CCO) is one main utilization in long-term evolution (LTE) self-organization networks (SON). To offer the optimal coverage and capacity performance, support high-data-rate service, and reduce the capital expenditures and operational expenditures (OPEX) (CAPEX) for operators.    

37. What is CP (Control Plane)? 

The control plane is the segment of the router design. The Control plane tells what to do with incoming packets. Control plane logic also can distinguish certain packets to be disposed of, as well as particular treatment of specific packets for which a high quality of service is characterized by such mechanisms as separated services. There may be a different transmitted database depending on the particular router implementation, that is populated by the control plane but utilized by the fast speed forwarding plane to look up packets and conclude how to deal with them.

38. What is CCPCH (Common Control Physical Channel)?   

 CCPCH represents Common Control Physical Channel in UMTS and CDMA communications systems. It is a transmission radio channel by which a user equipment can decode and decide significant framework parameters before establishing a dedicated communications link. There are two CCPCH- Primary and Secondary in an FDD UMTS framework. First is Primary-CCPCH, which has a data rate of 27 kbit/s and is always communicated utilizing Channelisation Code Cch,256,1. The second one is Secondary-CCPCHs are also given to broadcast paging blocks and FACH messages.

39. What is CCS (Common Channel Signaling)?

Common channel signaling (CCS) is signaling in which a group of voice-and-data channels share a different channel that is utilized for control signals. This is an alternative to channel-associated signaling (CAS), in which control signals are conveyed in similar channels as voice and information signals. The common signaling channel usually controls various message channels. CCS provides Faster call set-up time and Can transfer additional data along with the signaling traffic. 

40. What is CCSA (China Communications Standards Association)? 

The China Communications Standards Association (CCSA) is a Chinese expert guideline organization with the obligation regarding creating communications technology standards. The association was established on 18 December 2002, by the Chinese Ministry of Information Industry. Its members are participating in such exercises as drafting standards, soliciting comments, coordination, confirmation, standards consistency testing, and interconnection and interworking tests. CCSA is a partner of 3GPP. 

41. What is CCSDS (Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems)? 

The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) was established in 1982 for governmental and quasi-governmental space agencies to examine and make guidelines for space data and data frameworks. It is composed of “eleven member agencies, 28 observer organizations, and more than 140 industrial associates,”. The CCSDS works to assist collaboration and interoperability between member agencies through the foundation of information and system standards.

42. What is ccTLD (country code Top Level Domain)? 

A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet domain generally utilized or reserved for a country, dependent territory identified with a nation code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.  With more than 150 million domain name enrollments today, ccTLDs make up 40% of the total domain name industry. 

43. What is a CD (Communication deflection)? 

Call deflection is an attribute of voice-over IP (VoIP) that diverts a call from the called endpoint to another endpoint when the called endpoint is occupied. Call deflection is one of few types of call forwarding characterized under the H.450.3 specification.

There are three communications points in call deflection, alluded to as the beginning gateway, the deflecting gateway, and the deflected-to gateway.

44. What is CDD (cyclic delay diversity)?

Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) is utilized in OFDM-based telecommunication frameworks, changing spatial diversity into frequency diversity and thus avoiding intersymbol interference. CDD was presented in 2001 and can acquire frequency diversity at the receiver without changing the SISO receiver design. CDD is a sort of transmit diversity mechanism executed by applying a different phase delay for each OFDM subcarrier. It is utilized in spatial multiplexing to enhance diversity between the 2 spatial paths.

45. What is CDF (Charging Data Function)?

The CDF is a substance inside the IMS billing design that is answerable for collating accounting demands from IMS Charging Trigger Functions like Call Session Control Functions and Application Servers. The CDF will utilize the accounting requests to create Charging Data Records, which will then be directed to the Charging Gateway Function and then on to the billing domain.

46. What is CDM (code division multiplexing)?

Code division multiplexing (CDM) is a systems administration strategy in which numerous information signals are joined for simultaneous transmission over a common frequency band. When CDM is utilized to permit numerous users to share the same communications channel, the technology is called code division multiple access. CDMA utilizes a spread-spectrum that was created in World War II to prevent enemies from jamming transmissions. An information signal is transmitted over a range of frequencies in an assigned frequency spectrum.    

47. What is CDMA (code division multiple access)? 

Code-division multiple access (CDMA) is a technique of channel access. It is utilized by different radio communication technologies. In the CDMA technique, several transmitters can transmit data over a single communication channel. CDMA improves the utilization of accessible data transfer capacity as it sends over the entire frequency range and does not restrict the user’s frequency range. CDMA is utilized with BPSK and can be attached with QAM or OFDM.

48. What is CDN (Content Delivery Network)? 

A CDN takes into account the speedy exchange of resources required for loading Internet content including HTML pages, stylesheets, images, and videos. The popularity of CDN administrations continues to develop, and today the majority of web traffic is served through CDNs, incorporating traffic from major sites like Facebook, Netflix, and Amazon. CDN may also assist with securing websites against some normal malicious attacks, such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attacks.

49. What is CDNI (Content Delivery Networks Interconnection)? 

Content delivery network interconnection (CDNI) is a bunch of interfaces and systems needed for interconnecting two independent content delivery networks (CDNs) that empower one to convey content on behalf of the other. 

50. What is CDR (Charging data record)? 

A Charging Data Record (CDR) is, in 3GPP parlance. A charging data record (CDR) is an organized assortment of data about a chargeable telecommunication event. CDRs are utilized for user charging. A telecom supplier conveys them in order to transmit bills to their clients. CDRs are sent utilizing the FTP protocol.

51. What is CDR (Conjugate Data Repetition)?

Conjugate data repetition (CDR), which sends the modulation letter set of the desired signal. The CDR activity is performed across all base stations in a simultaneous manner. CDR is utilized for the conjugated copy of the signal sent in various time slots than the signal which brings few benefits.  

52. What is a CDR (Call detail record)?

A call detail record (CDR) is an information record that is produced by telecommunications equipment that documents the details of a telecommunications transaction such as messages that pass through that device. The record contains different qualities of the call, like time, duration, completion status, source number, and destination number.

A CDR gives metadata – information about information, on how a particular cell phone number and/or user is using the telephone framework. CDRs can also incorporate SMS messaging metadata and any other official communications transmission. 

53. What is CDR (Call Drop Rate)?

The CDR (Call Drop Rate) is the small portion of the telephone calls. These calls, because of technical reasons, were cut off before the talking parties had finished their conversational tone and before one of them dropped calls. Call Drop Rate is usually estimated as a percentage of all calls. A call attempt summons a call setup methodology, if this call is successful then results in a connected call. A connected call might be ended because of a technical reason before the parties making the call. These calls are classified as dropped calls.

54. What is a CD (Clock Drift)?

Clock drift alludes to few related phenomena where a clock does not run at exactly the same rate as a reference clock. After some time the clock “drifts apart” or gradually desynchronizes from the other clock. All clocks are liable to drift, causing eventual divergence except if resynchronized. Specifically, the drift of crystal-based clocks utilized in PCs needed some synchronization component for any rapid communication. Computer clock drift can be used to make random number generators. 

55. What are CDS (Channel dependent scheduling)? 

Channel-dependent scheduling (CDS) can enhance the information throughput of a cellular framework by exploiting multi-user diversity and frequency selectivity in the channel. Channel-dependent scheduling also provides the highest aggregate data throughput. Channel-dependent scheduling is a form of subcarrier mapping that can be applied in SC-FDMA.