Glossary Telecom – A (Part 3)

1. What is AAS (Active Antenna System)?

An active antenna is an antenna, it accommodates active electronic components such as antenna-integrated radio designs that place the RF module next to the passive antenna to reduce cable losses. Active Antenna does not require to be entirely passive components. Active antenna technology changes traditional antennas to contribute to base station efficiency with intelligent integration. This empowers operators to essentially expand the limit and coverage targets set for their network.

2. What is AAS (Adaptive Antenna System)?

An Adaptive Antenna System (AAS) is the method utilized in AAS is known as beamforming or beam steering or beam shaping. It works by changing the width and the angle of the antenna radiation pattern. AAS also disposes impedance to and from other SSs and different sources by steering the nulls to the direction of interferers. At the point when it is attached with different antennas in the Base Station (BS), AAS can be utilized to serve multiple Subscriber Stations (SSs) with higher throughput.

3. What is AIE (air interface encryption)?

AES is an algorithm. It is for end-to-end encryption of voice administrations. There are various air interface encryption techniques to cipher all traffic, comprising voice, signaling, and data. air interface encryption: encryption that protects a radio connection in particular 

4. What is  AIFS (Arbitration interframe space)?

Arbitration inter-frame spacing (AIFS) is a technique of focusing one Access Category (AC) over the other in wireless LAN communications,  for example, providing voice or video priority over email. AIFS capacities by reducing or expanding the period a wireless node has to wait before it is permitted to send its next frame. A shorter AIFS period implies a message has a higher likelihood of being communicated with low latency, which is especially significant for delay-critical information like streaming video.

5. What is AIFSN (Arbitration Interframe Space Number)?

This is a term utilized in Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.11 organizations which are assisting the QoS (Quality of Service) upgrades initially characterized in the 802.11e standard. This is sent from the Access Point and is utilized by a station to decide the particular Arbitration Interframe Space value for each of the four EDCA (Enhanced Distributed Channel Access) classes.

6. What is AINI (ATM Inter-Network Interface)?

AINI is the network-to-network interface for the interconnection of ATM networks.  It internally utilizes PNNI or other conventions.  Like the PNNI signaling protocol, the AINI determination drafted by the ATM forum depends on the symmetric piano-peer signaling protocol. Exchange of routing and data and further abilities to support billing can be added. 

7. What is AIR (Authentication Information Request)?

During the starting connection procedure AIR/AIA demonstrates a significant and first message on the s6a/s6d interface that has been exchanged among the MME/SGSN and HSS. 

8. What is AIS (Aeronautical Information Service the peace Aeronautical Information Service (AIS) is set up in assistance of international civil aviation, whose goal is to guarantee the progression of data important for the security and efficiency of international air navigation. AIS is the source for gathering, putting away, keeping up with, and scattering aeronautical information for the U. S. and its territories. Creates and maintains all public instrument flight procedures and airways.

9. What is AISG (Antenna Interface Standards Group)?

The Antenna Interface Standards Group (AISG) controls and observes the interface between a base station and an assortment of tower-top equipment. These incorporate antennas with remote electrical tilt (RET), tower-mounted intensifiers, and an assortment of sensors. The latest version of the standards (v3.0) provides for devices with numerous control ports that may each be associated with base stations and the ability for the controller to map the RF system interconnections among the devices associated with the bus. 

10. What is AIV (Air Interface Variant)?

The air interface is the communication association between the two stations in portable or wireless communication. The air interface includes both the physical and data link layers of the OSI model for a connection. As a user goes from one cell to another in the system, the active base station changes periodically. The changeover is known as a handoff.

11. What is AK (Authorization Key)?

 To confirm one another before the traffic encryption key (TEK) exchange,  a key is exchanged between the base station and subscriber station/mobile station. 

12. What is AMPS (advanced mobile phone service)?

Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) is a framework for Analog signal cellular telephone service in many countries. AMPS was an analog mobile phone system standard initially created by Bell Labs. AMPS allocates frequency ranges within the 800 and 900 Megahertz (MHz) spectrum to cellular telephones. AMPS is a first-generation cellular technology that utilizes different frequencies, for each conversation.

13. What is AMQP (Advanced Message Queue Protocol)?

Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is focused on process-to-process communication across IP networks. The characterizing highlights of AMQP are message direction, queuing, routing, reliability and security. In this, an encoding schema and a set of procedures permit two distinct servers to communicate regardless of the technology utilized. AMQP is a binary, application layer protocol, made to efficiently assist a wide variety of messaging applications and communication patterns.       

14. What is AMR-NB (Adaptive Multi-Rate Narrowband)?

AMR-NB (Narrowband) is an adaptive multi-rate speech coder. It is utilized in Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) mobile communication. AMR speech codec comprises a multi-rate narrow band speech codec which encodes narrowband signals of range 200–3400 Hz at variable bit rates ranging from 4.75 to 12.2 kbit/s with toll quality speech beginning at 7.4 kbit/s. 

15. What is AMR-WB (Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband)?

Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB) is dependent on Adaptive Multi-Rate encoding. AMR-WB gives enhanced speech quality because of a wider speech bandwidth of 50–7000 Hz as compared to narrowband speech coders. AMR-WB operates, like AMR, with nine distinctive bit rates. The lowest bit rate that gives good speech quality in a clean climate is 12.65 kbit/s. Higher bit rates are valuable in background noise conditions and for music.

16. What is AMS (Adaptive MIMO Switching)?

Adaptive MIMO switching works on the principle under the SINR level of switching among transmit diversity, receive diversity, and spatial multiplexing. By applying the AMS technique, a huge improvement in cell throughput can be accomplished. Adaptive MIMO Switching (AMS) is a plan to switch between multiple MIMO modes to expand spectral efficiency without a decrease in the coverage area.  

17. What is AN (Access network)?

An access network, which associates subscribers to their nearby service provider. The access network may be further split into a distribution network, and edge network. Access networks are made up of pairs of copper wires, traveling in a direct path between the exchange and the user. The access network is also perhaps the most important asset of an operator since this is what physically permits them to provide a service.

18. What is AN (Anchor node)?

Anchor nodes are situated by employing RSS estimations. Anchor node is the aspect for many Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) positions. A limited number of nodes in the network can know their locations by a variety of positioning mechanisms like GPS or manual setup mechanisms. These nodes are regularly known as anchor nodes.  It’s anything but a significant job in the processing to get an exact position of the static sensor nodes. 

19. What is ANM (Answer Message)?

Answer message (ANM) is an ISDN User Part trunk signaling message. The demonstrated party has responded to the call. After calling, an off-hook signal transfers in the reverse way which demonstrates when the called party answers. The Billing begins when the answer message is received.

20. What is ANQP (Access Network Query Protocol)?

The Access Network Query Protocol (ANQP) defines services provided by an access point (AP), regularly at a Wi-Fi hot spot. The ANQP imparts metadata valuable in a cell phone’s network selection process comprises the AP operator’s domain name, the Internet Protocol addresses accessible at the AP, and data about potential roaming partners accessible through the AP.

21. What is ANSI (American National standard institute)

ANSI aims to upgrade both the global competitiveness of U.S. business and the U.S. quality of life by advancing and conformity assessment systems and protecting their integrity. ANSI authorized norms are created by representatives of different principles associations, government agencies, consumer groups, organizations, and others. The Institute addresses the different interests of over 270,000 organizations and associations and 30 million professionals around the world.

22. What is AoA (angle of arrival)?

    The angle of arrival depends on the principle of examining angular directions from a device situated at a known location.  The angle of arrival is the angle at which signals reach the receiver.  The angle is examined by measuring the phase of the receiving radio signals.

In mobile networks, AOA measurements taken at various cell sites can be utilized together to find the location of a subscriber.

23. What is AP (Antenna Port)?

The antenna port is the channel, in which a signal of the antenna is transferred can be inferred from the channel over which another symbol on the same antenna port is transferred. The antenna ports are utilized for the transmission of a physical channel based on the various antenna ports configured for the physical channel. Each Antenna port represents a certain channel model.00

24. What is AR (Aggregation Router)?

Aggregation router is the process of generating a particular route and managing the announcements of networks for the present routes. Every website needed a unique IP address. The new technique is utilized for IP address depletion to maximize the number of IP addresses available. This new technique is known as the aggregation route.

25. What is ARAIM (Advanced RAIM)?

RAIM is utilized for the navigation of aircraft. The full form of ARAIM is the Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring. Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (ARAIM) is a method that enhances RAIM to other constellations beyond GPS.  ARAIM will empower integration in the GNSS core consolation position solution. This gives better horizontal guidance performance levels than RAIM. 

26. What is ARI (Acknowledgment Resource Indicator)?

Acknowledgment Resource Indicator is utilized to transmit control data associated with DL-transmission. 

27. What is ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses)?

Association of Radio Industries and Businesses is Japan’s standardization company. The Association of Radio Industries and Businesses was founded in 1995. Its business comprises those previously accomplished by the Research and Development Center for Radio Systems (RCR) and Broadcasting Technology Association (BTA). ARIB focuses on the development of the wireless industry. ARIB is a partner in Third Generation Partnership Project and Third Generation Partnership Project 2.

28. What is ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers)?

American Registry for Internet Numbers was founded on  December 22, 1997, and headquartered in Chantilly, Virginia, United States. ARIN controls the dissemination of internet number resources comprising IP4, IP6 addresses. ARIN offered the technical coordination service and management of Internet resources and offered the facilitated policy evolute by its members and stakeholders.

29. What is ARM (Advanced RISC Machines)?

 Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) is a processor architecture. The ARM architecture is normally carried out 32-bit instruction set architecture. ARM highlights incorporate Consistent 16×32 bit register file,  Single-cycle instruction execution,  Load/store-based architecture, Link register. 

30. What is ARP (antenna reference point)?

The antenna reference point (ARP) is the physical point on the antenna to which antenna adjustment values are referenced. ARP is an effectively available point on the most minimal non-removable horizontal surface of the antenna. 

31. What is ARP (Allocation and Retention Policy)?

ARP is identified to the QoS of an EPS Bearer. At times of network congestion, the ARP value of a user’s bearer will decide if it’s anything but a current bearer that has a lower ARP precedence or be supplanted by a new bearer with a higher ARP precedence.

32. What is  ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency)?

 The ARPANET was set up by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense in 1966. ARPANET was the first wide-region packet-switched organization with dispersed control and to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite.  In 1969, the idea turned into a humble reality with the interconnection of four university computers.  The starting aim was to communicate with and divide computer resources between fundamentally scientific users at the associated foundations.

33. What is ARPC (Average Revenue Per Customer)?

The average revenue per user (ARPU), also called average revenue per unit, is a measure utilized essentially by customer communications, advanced media, and networking companies, characterized as the absolute revenue separated by the number of users. The term is utilized by organizations that provide subscription services to customers, like telephone carriers and Internet service providers. ARPU also incorporates the revenue generated from incoming calls, payable within the regulatory interconnection regime.